The goal of MarcOnt bibliographic ontology (see http://www.marcont.org/ontology/2.1/ for more information) is to provide a uniform bibliographic description format. It should capture concepts from existing formats such as BibTEX, Dublin Core, MARC21. As the process of development of such an ontology is complicated it should involve a community of domain experts sharing their knowledge and experience, together building community ontology with tools such as MarcOnt Portal⁹⁶.

The ontology It is to be used in JeromeDL (see Chapter 7) as a format capturing bibliographic descriptions of the resources. The ontology is also being used as a mediation format in MarcOnt Mediation Services⁹⁷. With use of MarcOnt ontology one can transform bibliographic descriptions of the resources between supported formats (BibTEX, Dublin Core, MARC21) and MarcOnt.

When talking about ontologies, classes are often identified with objects in the real world. Their names often reflect this approach (e.g. Person class in the FOAF ontology represents a human being). Because of that creation of list of classes in the ontology and their hierarchy seems to be straightforward. The main problem occurs when one should build a model of particular domain of interest on multiple models existing in this domain. This is a case when building a bibliographic ontology. Such an ontology should be built on the base of existing metadata standards (e.g. BibTEX, DublinCore etc.). This implies the complicated process of achieving consensus on the ontology.

MarcOnt ontology at a glance

An alphabetical index of MarcOnt terms, by class (concepts) and by property (relationships, attributes), and instances are given below. All the terms are hyperlinked to their detailed description for quick reference.

Classes:

Properties:

marcont:hasAbstract
marcont:hasAddress
marcont:hasAffiliation
marcont:hasAuthor
marcont:hasBeginDate
marcont:hasContents
marcont:hasContributor
marcont:hasCoverage
marcont:hasCreator
marcont:hasDCMIType
marcont:hasDOI
marcont:hasDate
marcont:hasDescription
marcont:hasDomain
marcont:hasEdition
marcont:hasEditor
marcont:hasEndDate
marcont:hasHumanCreator
marcont:hasISBN
marcont:hasISSN
marcont:hasIdentifier
marcont:hasJournal
marcont:hasKeyword
marcont:hasMonth
marcont:hasNote
marcont:hasNumber
marcont:hasOrder
marcont:hasOrganization
marcont:hasOriginalPublicationMedium
marcont:hasPages
marcont:hasPagesFrom
marcont:hasPagesTo
marcont:hasPublisher
marcont:hasRelatedEvent
marcont:hasReview
marcont:hasReviewDate
marcont:hasReviewer
marcont:hasReviewComment
marcont:hasSchool
marcont:hasSeries
marcont:hasSource
marcont:hasSponsor
marcont:hasTitle
marcont:hasTopic
marcont:hasURL
marcont:hasVolume
marcont:hasYear
marcont:howPublished
marcont:isPartOf
marcont:isPeerOf
marcont:presentedAt
marcont:publishedIn

Instances:

marcont:IElectronic
marcont:IInternational
marcont:IInternet
marcont:ILocal
marcont:INational
marcont:IPrinted

Cross-reference for MarcOnt Bibliographic Ontology Classes and Properties

An alphabetical index of MarcOnt terms, by class (categories or types) and by property:

Class: marcont:AccessMedium

Types of media available to access a resource.

in-range-of:: marcont:hasOriginalPublicationMedium

Class: marcont:Article

Represents the concept of a scientific publication (usually in a journal).

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource
in-domain-of:: marcont:hasJournal, marcont:hasPagesTo, marcont:hasPagesFrom

Class: marcont:Book

Represents the concept of a book.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource, marcont:PublicationMedium
in-domain-of:: marcont:hasCoverage

Class: marcont:Booklet

One of the types of resources - a small information book, a booklet.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource, marcont:PublicationMedium

Class: marcont:Cluster

Represent a concept of cluster - sub-unit of an institute.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Organization

Class: marcont:Collection

Represents collection of resources.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Conference

Represents the concept of a scientific event - a conference.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Event

Class: marcont:Coverage

This class represents the range of the "coverage" annotation property from Dublin Core.

in-range-of:: marcont:hasCoverage

Class: marcont:DemoSession

Poster session at a workshop or a conference.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Presentation

Class: marcont:Event

Class represents all types of events related to publication process.

in-domain-of:: marcont:hasBeginDate, marcont:hasDate, marcont:hasDescription, marcont:hasEndDate, marcont:hasMonth, marcont: hasOrganization, marcont:hasRelatedEvent, marcont:hasTitle, marcont:hasURL, marcont:isPeerReviewed
in-range-of:: marcont:presentedAt, marcont:hasRelatedEvent

Class: marcont:Faculty

Represents a concept of a faculty - subunit of a university.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Organization

Class: marcont:Inbook

One of the types of resources - part of a Book (e.g., a chapter in the Manuscript)

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Incollection

One of the types of resources - part of larger collection

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Inproceedings

One of the types of resources - an article in conference, workshop or proceedings

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Institute

Represents the concept of Institute.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Organization

Class: marcont:Journal

Represent the journal concept.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Collection
in-domain-of:: marcont:hasNumber
in-range-of:: marcont:hasJournal

Class: marcont:Lab

Represents a concept of a Laboratory, a sub-unit of a cluster.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Organization

Class: marcont:LightingTalk

A very short talk. Usually lasts no longer than 5 minutes.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Talk

Class: marcont:Manual

One of the types of resources - a manual or a use guide.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Mastersthesis

One of the types of resources - Master's thesis document.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Meeting

This class should be used to represent a general type of a meeting involving a number of agents.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Event

Class: marcont:Misc

One of the types of resources which does not belong to any other category: Miscellaneous.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Organization

Represent the concept of on organization.

in-range-of:: marcont:hasAffiliation, marcont:hasOrganization

Class: marcont:PhDthesis

One of the types of resources - PhD Thesis document.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:PosterSession

Representation of a poster session at a given event (e.g., conference).

sub-class-of:: marcont:Presentation

Class: marcont:Presentation

Class represents all types of presentations that can be given during an event.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Event

Class: marcont:Proceedings

One of the types of resources - proceedings of conference or workshop

sub-class-of:: marcont:Collection, marcont:PublicationMedium

Class: marcont:PublicationMedium

Represents an abstract concept of publication medium - can be conference proceedings, book, website/social medium, journalÂ

domain-of:: marcont:hasRelatedEvent, marcont:hasPublisher
range-of:: marcont:publishedIn

Class: marcont:Resource

Base class for all bibliographical resources.

in-domain-of:: marcont:hasSponsor, marcont:presentedAt, marcont:hasOriginalPublicationMedium, marcont: hasDomain, marcont:hasKeyword, marcont:hasSource, marcont:hasContents, marcont:hasHumanCreator, marcont: hasTopic, marcont:hasDCMIType, marcont: hasPublisher, marcont:hasSchool, marcont:hasTagging, marcont: hasContributor, marcont:hasISSN, marcont:hasAbstract,
marcont: hasEdition, marcont:hasOrder, marcont: hasYear, marcont:hasNote, marcont:hasSeries, marcont:hasISBN, marcont:hasPages, marcont:howPublished, marcont:hasIdentifier, marcont:isPartOf, marcont: hasMonth, marcont:hasOrganization, marcont: hasRelatedEvent, marcont:hasTitle,
marcont:hasURL, marcont:isPeerReviewed
in-range-of:: marcont:hasSource, marcont:isPartOf

Class: marcont:Review

Provides information related to the review process.

sub-class-of:: sioc:Post
in-domain-of:: hasReviewComment, hasReviewer, isPeerReview, hasReviewDate
in-range-of:: hasReview

Class: marcont:ShortTalk

Short talk refers to a talk that last approximately 15 minutes and is given during an event.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Talk

Class: marcont:SocialMedium

Represents an electronic publication medium with a community of users build around it, etc. Facebook

sub-class-of:: marcont:WebSite

Class: marcont:Talk

Talk represents all types of talks and presentations different from Demo session, Poster session and Tutorial, that can be given during an event.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Presentation

Class: marcont:Techreport

One of the types of resources - technical report.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:Tutorial

This class represents tutorial given at a conference (or in some cases in other circumstances).

sub-class-of:: marcont:Presentation

Class: marcont:University

This class represents the concept of a university.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Organization
in-range-of:: marcont:hasSchool

Class: marcont:Unpublished

One of the types of resources - a resource that has not been published.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Resource

Class: marcont:WebSite

Represents a generic Internet-based publication medium

sub-class-of:: marcont:PublicationMedium

Class: marcont:Workshop

Represents the scientific event, less prominent and more focused than a conference.

sub-class-of:: marcont:Event

Property: marcont:hasAbstract

Abstract of the resource. This property is equivalent to the bibtex:hasAbstract property.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:string

Property: marcont:hasAddress

Usually the address of the publisher or other type of institution. For small publishers, on the other hand, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Range:: http://gaia.fdi.ucm.es/ontologies/address.owl#Address

Property: marcont:hasAffiliation

Affiliation of a given person.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: foaf:Person
Range:: marcont:Organization

Property: marcont:hasAuthor

Attaches information about human author of the resource or the collection of resources.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasHumanCreator

Property: marcont:hasBeginDate

Begin date of the copyright period.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasDate
Domain:: marcont:Event
Range:: xsd:date

Property: marcont:hasContents

Used to identify table of contents (TOC)

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource

Property: marcont:hasContributor

An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource but not the author.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: foaf:Agent

Property: marcont:hasCoverage

The extent or the scope of the content of the given publication medium.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:PublicationMedium
Range:: marcont:Coverage

Property: marcont:hasCreator

This property can be used to describe the creator of a given resource or of the given collection of resources. It can be either a person, a group or an organization.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Range:: foaf:Agent

Property: marcont:hasDCMIType

Describes appropriate type for the resource according to the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative dictionary of types.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource

Property: marcont:hasDOI

Property refers to a Digital Object Identifier assigned to a given resource.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasIdentifier

Property: marcont:hasDate

Date related to the entity. In case of Events, date of the occurrence.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
sub-property-of:: dc:date
Domain:: marcont:Event
Range:: xsd:date

Property: marcont:hasDescription

Description of an event contains information that is to be viewable for the user (in contrast to dc:description property)

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Event
Range:: xsd:string

Property: marcont:hasDomain

Describes the domain of interest appropriate for the resource.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: skos:Concept

Property: marcont:hasEdition

The edition of a book, e.g., Second. This should be an ordinal, and should have the first letter capitalized, as shown here; the standard styles convert to lower case when necessary.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:string

Property: marcont:hasEditor

Defines the editor of a given resource or collection of resources.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasHumanCreator

Property: marcont:hasEndDate

End date of copyright period.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasDate
Domain:: marcont:Event
Range:: xsd:date

Property: marcont:hasHumanCreator

Property used to describe the creator of the resource or the collection of resources.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasCreator
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: foaf:Person

Property: marcont:hasISBN

Assigns an identifier in the form of ISBN.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasIdentifier
Domain:: marcont:Resource

Property: marcont:hasISSN

Represents the ISSN number assigned to a given resource.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasIdentifier
Domain:: marcont:Resource

Property: marcont:hasIdentifier

This property represents the unique identifier of the resource.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:string

Property: marcont:hasJournal

Journal where the article was published.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Article
Range:: marcont:Journal

Property: marcont:hasKeyword

Keyword related to the resource.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: skos:Concept

Property: marcont:hasMonth

The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written. You should use the standard three-letter abbreviation. Equivalent to bibtex:hasMonth property.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Event, marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:int

Property: marcont:hasNote

Any additional information that can help the reader.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:string

Property: marcont:hasNumber

The number of a journal, magazine, technical report, or of a work in a series. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number; and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Journal
Range:: xsd:int

Property: marcont:hasOrder

Refers to the order of resources in Jerome Digital Library. Each resource is given a number to allow control over their order.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:int

Property: marcont:hasOrganization

The organization that is involved in organizing an event or publishing given resource.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource, marcont:Event
Range:: marcont:Organization

Property: marcont:hasOriginalPublicationMedium

Describes an original publication medium of the resource. The medium is of a type marcont: AccessMedium.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: marcont:AccessMedium

Property: marcont:hasPages

Number of pages of the resource or chapter.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: xsd:int

Property: marcont:hasPagesFrom

The starting page of the given document (article) in the collection (e.g., in-proceedings)

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Article
Range:: xsd:int

Property: marcont:hasPagesTo

The starting page of the given document (article) in the collection (e.g., in-proceedings)

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
Domain:: marcont:Article
Range:: xsd:int

Property: marcont:hasPublisher

Describes publisher of a given resource.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
OWL Type:: FunctionalProperty
Domain:: marcont:PublicationMedium
Range:: foaf:Agent

Property: marcont:hasRelatedEvent

Represents relation between a resource and an event.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
Domain:: marcont:PublicationMedium, marcont:Event
Range:: marcont:Event

Property: marcont:hasReview

Binds one (or more) reviews to the information object.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
OWL Type:: InverseFunctionalProperty
inverse-of:: sioc:related_to
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: marcont:Review

Property: marcont:hasReviewDate

When the review of this library resource has been submitted.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
OWL Type:: FunctionalProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasDate
Domain:: marcont:Review
Range:: xsd:dateTime

Property: marcont:hasReviewer

Indicates who (or what process) has reviewed this library resource.

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
OWL Type:: FunctionalProperty
sub-property-of:: sioc:has_creator
Domain:: marcont:Review
Range:: foaf:Agent

Property: marcont:hasReviewComment

Comment given by the reviewer in the review.

OWL Type:: DatatypeProperty
OWL Type:: FunctionalProperty
Domain:: marcont:Review
Range:: xsd:string

Property: marcont:hasSchool

University / school where the work was created/published

OWL Type:: ObjectProperty
sub-property-of:: marcont:hasOrganization
Domain:: marcont:Resource
Range:: marcont:University

Property: marcont:hasSeries

The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the the title field gives its title and an optional series field gives the name of a series or multi-volume set in which the book is published.